Industrialization flourished following principles of expediency and common sense. In time, the processes of production came under scientific analysis and subsequent improve- ment. The first significant and comprehensive codification of management principles was provided by a French mining engineer, Henri Fayol (1841–1925). He observed workplace processes, which he then categorized into logical and distinct descriptive terms. They have endured well with broad applications and significance:
• Division of work. In an organization of any size, labor is divided into specialized units to increase efficiency. Work within the organization tends to become increasingly specialized as the organization grows in size.
• Hierarchy. Organizations disperse authority to managers and employees according to their formal position, experience, and training.
• Discipline. Good discipline exists when managers and workers respect the rules governing activities of the organization.